Homeland Security :: Terrorist Attacks Terrorism

mother country SecurityWhen we pause to think about all that has happened in old age past, we truly are lucky. The purpose of this paper is to define and give detailed information about Homeland Security in the United States. I hold to inform people as to why we constantly live in panic. I will give detailed information about what the government is doing to settle this problem. Also I will give possible solutions to our current predicament, based on extensive research and knowledge.Homeland Security is a relatively impertinently agency that was created by the president, because of the terrorist attacks on the States. President George W. Bush vows to never let an attack happen to America again. Therefore he created the office or agency, of Homeland Security. This group is backed by director of this group is ex-senator Tom Ridge. George W. Bush specifically appointed him. This group watches Americans and the world extremely closely (Security, a carrousel priority in new budget). The mission statement of this group is to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce Americas vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur (Homeland Security Actions). The Department of Homeland Security is responsible for securing our nations borders and transportation systems, they manage who and what enters our homeland and work to prevent the entry of terrorists and the instruments of terrorism while ensuring the active flow of legitimate traffic (White House Online). Many dubious terrorist groups and organizations are under a microscopic viewpoint from the group of Homeland Security. Terrorist attacks on America have sparked a national fear that many people face daily. People live in fear for a variety of reasons. Scores of Americans fear traveling abroad, flying, and people of nerve center Eastern decent (The Attack on America September 11, 2001). There is unfairness towards people of the Islam religion, and peop le who are of Middle Eastern decent. This is wrong. Just because a strong-minded group of people attacked innocent civilians to prove a political point and spark fear in millions does not mean we should discriminate on those people. But because of these attacks on America there have been many different security changes made, in the hopes to improve our safety. Such as at airports, the military was placed as security in the airports. This was the first time that the military could be placed in airports.

Ideal Family: Defining the Ideal Family Throughout American History Es

The ideal American family was transformed in the 19th degree Celsius in large part due to the great changes taking empower in the American society. Many family groups fit this changing mold while whatever did not. In this essay I will show how this concept of the ideal American family changed. I will also try to explain which groups of Americans followed this concept and why.The barricade of the 18th century was a turbulent time in American history. The country had just won its independence from Great Britain and was attempting to find an identity for itself. Up to this point families in America were similar to British families. The father was the head of the household, but lived in harmony with his wife. The children were seen as part of the familys labor force, constituent to produce food and supplies for the family. The church ruled the family as much as colonial law in the late 18th. A change in the oecumenic economy paved the way for the emergence of a new type of family.The market economy arose in the 1800s in America. Goods were no longer being produced solely for family consumption. The families of this period were producing goods in excess to sell at markets. Goods able to be purchased at a market as well as the hard worker trade in the south helped to lessen the amount of household production for the average American family. With a market economy now in place in America, the door was open for the factory system and industrialization. This factory system cleard two main types of families in America oculus Class and Working Class. Middle crime syndicate families were better off economically than their working class counterparts. In these families men worked in jobs considered to be middle class white-collar occupations. Women were therefore staying space and surviving on the mans salary. With these middle class women staying home along with the smaller amounts of household production, a new type of labor arises. Women in t his early 19th century time period become more and more involved in child rearing. The household work for these middle class women is task-oriented and unwaged. This makes them more and more dependent on their husbands salary and more responsible for the children who were also out of the labor force.Working class families were various in some ways from middle class families. Often in a marriage, the mans wages were not enough... ...y are allowed to do. Although the Irish were oppressed in this country I feel that they were proud to be Irish. Possibly more so in relation to the surrounding social order. The two cultures, Irish and Protestant, held such different ideals that I believe that the Irish were as proud to be who they were as the Protestants were sure of the virtue of their throw ways. The idea of an ideal American family seems ridiculous today. Two hundred years ago many Americans may not have thought twice about the idea that there was a correct form that a fami ly should follow. In the 19th century our country was young and was one of a few to have to come up with its own national identity in such a short period of time. In hindsight and with a bit of anachronism one could say that America dealt with its immigrant cosmos with a great deal of hypocrisy. Instead of being a haven for immigrants America was almost a factory, attempting to take in different people and create a melting pot in which everything becomes alike. Every ingredient eventually loses its uniqueness. Bibliographychristine stansell women children and the uses of the streets Femenists studies 8 (sep.82)

Bayezid I :: Ancient History European

Bayezid I- (r.1389-1402) tuffet ruler who started to besiege Constantinople in 1395. The Europeans saw him as a new threat to Christendom, and Hungarys male monarch led English, French, German, and Balkan knights in a crusade against the Turks. He defeated them at Nicopolis, and moved their capital from Bursa to France. If Bayezid had not defeated the Christians, the Ottoman Empire might not have taken Constantinople. The armies of Timur defeated him near Ankara in 1402 where he was taken prisoner and died in captivity. Captiulations- gave autonomy to foreigners living in a Moslem territory (a practice adopted by the Ottomans). European nationals were freed from having to bey Ottoman laws or pay taxes. This attracted European traders, and spared the ottomans from having to settle their disputes. System adopted from the Mamluks.Constantinople former capital of the voluminous Empire and of the Ottoman Empire , since 1930 officially called Istanbul (for location and description, see Istanbul ). It was founded (AD 330) at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after(prenominal) whom it was named. The largest and most splendid European city of the Middle Ages, Constantinople shared the glories and vicissitudes of the Byzantine Empire, which in the end was reduced to the city and its environs. Although besieged innumerable times by various peoples, it was taken only three timesin 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade (see Crusades ), in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II. Defended by Greek fire , it was also well fortified. An early inner wall was erected by Constantine I, and the enlarged Constantinople was surrounded by a tierce wall of fortifications, begun (5th cent.) by Theodosius II. Built on seven hills, the city on the Bosporus presented the appearance of an impregnable fortress enclosing a sea of magnificent palaces and prosperous domes and towers. In the 10th cent., it had a cosmopo litan population of about 1 million. The Church of Hagia Sophia , the sacred palace of the emperors (a city in itself) the huge hippodrome, center of the favourite life and the Golden Gate, the chief entrance into the city were among the largest of the scores of churches, public edifices, and monuments that lined the broad arcaded avenues and squares. Constantinople had a great wealth of artistic and literary treasures onward it was sacked in 1204 and 1453.

Physics of Black Holes :: physics science space

What are Black Holes?A somber hole is theorized to be a collection of collapsed matter of whose gravitational pull is so strong that non even light can escape its force. The matter is is forced in a very, very tiny area and therefore the matter is very dense. Since light cannot escape, they are considered to be truly black. This, obviously, makes it hard to detect an actual black hole, and therefore, have got only been theorizd to constitute. These theories are slowly turning into conclusive evidence. This evidence includes the particle dust given off from matter entering the black hole, as rise as observations of orbits of bodies near the black hole.Black holes are usually formed after supernova explosions, in which the remnants of this explosion implodes within itself. It will continue to condense to a volume of zero and infinite density. This is known as a singularity. How do we know?HistoryKarl Swarzschild first came up with the concept of black holes in 1916. This was base upon Einsteins theory of relativity. The Swarzschild radius is the radius where the escape velocity equals the speed of light. The Swarzschild radius can be calculated using the escape velocity equationvesc = (2GM/R)1/2Substituting the speed of light for the vR = 2GM/c2If you notice, the Swarzschild radius is only dependent upon the mass of the body. Anything that enters this radius will not exit, due to the tremendous amount of gravitational pull.So, How do we know?Again, as mentioned earlier, we cant directly observe a black hole. We can, however, make observations to the surroundings around the black hole. It used to be that theorists were the only scientific persons who acknowledged an existence of black holes, however, at present, the story is quite different. The popular idea today is that black holes do exist and are common in all the galaxies so far investigated. One reason is Einsteins theory of General Relativity. This theory accounts for the existence of black holes, an d if they do not exist, then the General Relativity theories by Einstein would be wrong. Considering all the tests and experiements done to date to try and disprove this theory have all been rejected, this seems unlikely. Also, scientists today look for high concentration of mass in a small area. Calculations and technology allow this to happen. Another factor in proving the existence of black holes is the Hubble blank Telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope has accumulated a large amount of data and information supporting the existence of black holes.

Triangle Fire 1911 Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Triangle burning of 1911Near closing time on Saturday afternoon, March 25, 1911, in New York metropolis a fire broke out on the top floors of the Asch Building in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. One of the worst tragedies in American memorial it is known as the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. It was a disaster that took the lives of 146 workers, most of which were women. This tragedy pointed out the negatives of sweatshop conditions of the industrialization era. It emphasized the worst part of its time the low wages, long hours, and unsanitary working conditions were what symbolized what sweatshops were all about. These conditions were appalling, and no person should ever be made to work in these conditions. Sweatshops were originally set up to produce a large quantity of mostly clothing items, with cheap labor wages for its workers. Sweatshops more often than not were cramped buildings with few windows or fans. The people who worked in these sweat shops r arly received breaks, an d would on average 10-12 hours a day, seven days a week. The places were so unsanitary many did not have proper plumbing facilities to accommodate all those who worked there, and no way of cleaning or bandaging a cut or wound if injure on the job. Although these were the common standards of sweatshops the Asch Building, where the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was located was a very large building, with nine floors. This building was large but cramped payable to all the workers, material and machines. Every inch of viable space was used to put either a machine, material or another worker. Sadie Frowne, a assert shop worker from New York City stated The machines go like mad all day because the faster you work the more money you get. sometimes in my haste I get my finger caught and the needle goes right through it. It goes so quick, though, that it does not hurt much. I bind the finger up with a piece of cotton and go on working. This was the mind set of most of the workers in the swe atshops. They hated their job and long hours but as long as they worked the money, as little as it may be, still came in.Most sweat shops were employers of immigrants, men children, and women. Women were especially employed at the Triangle shirtwaister factory, because it was easy to persuade wo... ...In comparison with the Triangle Fire in 1911, the Rhode Island nightclub fire has a few similarities. Just like sweatshops, night clubs are often times over crowded and do not have enough fire exits to satisfy the overcrowding that takes place in nightclubs. Just as a miss thrown match caused the sweatshop fire, a miss thrown match in a night club could cause the same catastrophic event. In theory the number of smokers in an overcrowded night club often times outnumber non smokers, which could very well cause an unwanted fire that leads to a tragedy. Bibliography famed Trials. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial 1911. (website). http//www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/triangle/ trianglefire.htmlThe Triangle Factory Fire By Cornell University ILR School (website).http//www.irl.cornell.edu/trianglefire/U.S. Fire Administration/National Fire Data Center. Nightclub Fires in 2000. (PDF File).http//www.emergency-management.net/pdf/FemaResearchNightclubFires2000.pdf

Triangle Fire 1911 Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Triangle sacking of 1911Near closing time on Saturday afternoon, March 25, 1911, in New York metropolis a fire broke out on the top floors of the Asch Building in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. One of the worst tragedies in American news report it is known as the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. It was a disaster that took the lives of 146 workers, most of which were women. This tragedy pointed out the negatives of sweatshop conditions of the industrialization era. It emphasized the worst part of its generation the low wages, long hours, and unsanitary working conditions were what symbolized what sweatshops were all about. These conditions were appalling, and no person should ever be made to work in these conditions. Sweatshops were originally set up to produce a large quantity of mostly clothing items, with cheap labor wages for its workers. Sweatshops more often than non were cramped buildings with few windows or fans. The people who worked in these sweat shops r arly received breaks, and would on average 10-12 hours a day, seven days a week. The places were so unsanitary many did not have proper plumbing facilities to accommodate all those who worked there, and no way of cleaning or bandaging a cut or wound if hurt on the job. Although these were the common standards of sweatshops the Asch Building, where the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was located was a very large building, with nine floors. This building was large but cramped repayable to all the workers, material and machines. Every inch of viable space was used to put either a machine, material or another worker. Sadie Frowne, a anathemise shop worker from New York City stated The machines go like mad all day because the faster you work the more money you get. sometimes in my haste I get my finger caught and the needle goes right through it. It goes so quick, though, that it does not hurt much. I bind the finger up with a piece of cotton and go on working. This was the mind set of most of the wor kers in the sweatshops. They hated their job and long hours but as long as they worked the money, as little as it may be, still came in.Most sweat shops were employers of immigrants, men children, and women. Women were especially employed at the Triangle shirtwaister factory, because it was easy to persuade wo... ...In comparison with the Triangle Fire in 1911, the Rhode Island nightclub fire has a few similarities. Just like sweatshops, night clubs are often times over crowded and do not have enough fire exits to satisfy the overcrowding that takes place in nightclubs. Just as a miss thrown match caused the sweatshop fire, a miss thrown match in a night club could cause the same catastrophic event. In theory the number of smokers in an overcrowded night club often times outnumber non smokers, which could very well cause an unwanted fire that leads to a tragedy. Bibliography renowned Trials. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial 1911. (website). http//www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects /ftrials/triangle/trianglefire.htmlThe Triangle Factory Fire By Cornell University ILR School (website).http//www.irl.cornell.edu/trianglefire/U.S. Fire Administration/National Fire Data Center. Nightclub Fires in 2000. (PDF File).http//www.emergency-management.net/pdf/FemaResearchNightclubFires2000.pdf

Technologies Not Only Influence but Actually Determine

The advance of technologies is attributed to the further and deeper perception that humans rationally and logically explore the nature. Such advancement leads to the shift of companionable customs and ethical motive that used to be accord with the former human understanding after all social customs and moral philosophy, by nature, ar changeable. However, whether the influence of technologies over social customs and ethics are determining is still a question worth pondering and arguing. Since human stared using tools to create things, technology has been penetrating into more or less every aspect of peoples daily lives.In the contemporary world, with respect to technologies, computing technologies quickly come to mind. As a professor at one time said, I quote Electronic computation is the first to significantly amplify our mental abilities and furnish radical insights into the complexities and inner workings of our world. It is not precisely the strength to collect, store and process data on a massive scale, or even communication, but the opening of our minds to new and often hidden possibilitiesthat is real power. at that place is no denying that the growth and spread of computing technology have been significant things that we witness and indeed experience personally. Cell phones, for example, have been through from rarity to ubiquity. They change lives without peoples notice. For instance, billions of people enjoy digital messages from phone to phone, yet it never occurs to people to think of the microprocessors and computer power required behind just a message.Nevertheless, texting has already become a part of our daily life and expanded another of way daily communication. Moreover, it renders long-distance calling much easier and more(prenominal) convenient. Lives are replete with hundreds of technologies. Despite technologies do have influence over social customs and ethics, it is, however, unjustifiable to say that social customs and ethics are determined by technologies, because the impact of influence is much less forced than that of determination.From time immemorial, society has been a system that is organized with social norms and ethical standards followed by all people who live in, and these traditions that are deeply rooted in peoples mind and heart have been passed down from contemporaries to generation in culture. For instance, Chinese people value lunar calendar a lot and celebrate many traditional festivals by lunar calendar, and one of the most well-known festivals is Chinese New Year.When it comes to the Spring Festival, Chinese people significantly weigh the festival than other festivals, and the traditions of Spring Festival dating back to the elderly times are still preserved by people in modern times, such as making dumplings, and clipping paper cutting etcetera. Technologies involve us convenience that any of those can be reached anytime and that we do not have to make them ourselves for lack of time, but technologies can never be authoritative and powerful to the extent that people stop celebrating this festival.Chinese people would consistently maintain these festival traditions annually from generation to generation instead of letting them be determined by technologies. To sum up, technology advances as humans understanding about nature goes deeper and further. It does have influence over social customs and ethics undoubtedly. It is, however, not able to supersede cultural traditions in peoples lives, because social customs and ethics bring us the sense of belonging and security, patch technologies just give us ease and satisfy our curiosity which just comes from peoples evolving perception towards nature.

Neighbor’s Apartment

I didnt have any second thoughts when my neighbor in the apartment invited me to come along and spend the night with his society celebration. It is at least two years now since the last conviction I joined angiotensin-converting enzyme when my friend had a farewell party who was to guide out of the country. For such reason, being invited by my neighbor was a good chance for me to experience once again what it is like to get acquainted with quite a little and celebrate a particular special moment in the celebrants life. My neighbors party was all about his successful advance at work.He was once a sales agent for realty properties in a medium scale familiarity in the city. He has worked for the company for about 10 years as a sales agent and was really very satisfied with his work and the amount of money he has been getting. Suddenly, he was promoted by the general manager as the new site supervisor. To celebrate such achievement, he threw a party in his apartment one night. Sin ce weve cognise each other for about five years now, it was easy accepting his invitation. My neighbor invited his guests from different segments of his life gutsground.All of the apartments tenants were supposedly invited solely I saw only at least a few known neighbors present that night. Maybe some of the tenants had some other commitments or things to do for not attending the party. Apart from the neighbors, his office mates were also invited. A couple of them seem to have already worked for the company for a long time while some are still young professionals. Also, some of the party owners relatives were invited as I saw a few of his cousins and siblings at the living live.Ive also known them in the past five years since they frequently visit my neighbor. Generally, the party was a very formal one in my opinion. The event provided a very good relaxing atmosphere for conversation and small talks in knowing acquaintances. There were no vocal sounds but very smooth types of mu sic were played the entire night. I didnt see any children in the party. Also, the food was great with a solid set of catered meals and some light liquors. On a personal observation, my neighbors apartment seemed to me a little crowded in terms of fixtures.At the living room, some of his office stuffs were to be found only that they were set aside at the corners to provide more spaces for the guests. The furniture were also a snowflake superannuated but were still comfortable especially the sofa. When I got a chance to go to the kitchen, it was really very small and cluttered compared to mine back home. The lighting for the entire unit was a little dim. This gloomy feel of the apartment was also enhanced by the pale colors of the walls which were at a brownish state of deterioration. The two windows of his room were also covered with dark colored curtains which used heavy fabrics.The units atmosphere would have been acerb during that night if not for an air conditioning unit. Th at equipment too seemed to be a very old one with some rusty parts in the obtain panel while the case was a bit yellowish. All of these factors simply provided a good impression that my neighbors unit was very old fashioned in terms of style. I just wondered if my neighbors earning were really at an optimum level before his promotion since I didnt really saw improvements in his unit compared to the last time I went there.Even though my personal outlook of the unit was a little gloomy, I noticed that he has some very good appliances in his apartment. I thought the flat screen LCD TV in his living room was at least brand new. It really gave a very contrasting side on the situation of the units atmosphere. He also has a state of the art music system just beside the television unit. It was a bit odd for such old apartment unit to see a complete home theater system more expensive than mine at a home.

History of Sunnah

Deutsch Francais Espanol About Us Contact Us islamweb english Thursday, November 29, 2012 Muharram 15, 1434 agreeable to Islam Fatwa Articles Fiqh Boys & Girls E-Books Women Multimedia Quran Recitations Lectures Athan Duaa Islamic Songs Movies Services Prayer Times Weather Forecast Calendar Converter Special Folders Palestine Ramadhaan Oasis Hajj & Umrah Xmas & modern Years Sacred months Valentines Day Newsletter e-mail Newsletter icon, E-mail Newsletter icon, Email List icon, E-mail List icon Sign up for our Email Newsletter VoteCan Morsi eternal restore Egypts leadership? Yes No Vote Results History of the hadith -I At the time of the Prophet Rate The article has not yet been rated paygrade 0 Vote Print Send this Article to friend Read 11234 Print 429 Sent 0 Rate 0 22/09/2010 Muslims were, early on, certain of the logical implication of the Sunnah and its authority. They, one generation after the other, were keen to preserve the Sunnah because they saw that as a pa rt of the preserving of the last revelations man is ever so to receive.Their efforts were unabated, and the remarkable job they did is unparalleled in the experience of any other religion or civilization. At the time of the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( whitethorn Allaah shudder his name ) One of the main reasons behind this is the fact that the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( whitethorn Allaah raise his mention ) understandably taught the colleagues whitethorn Allaah be pleased with them the impressiveness of his Sunnah, its place in Islam and their role in saving it, belief and conveying it to others around them and to those who would come after them.In so doing, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah revolutionize his mention ) followed an effective methodology, which will be briefly outlined below 1. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) emphasized the importance of seeking knowledge and teaching it to others. He sallalla ahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) said Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male and female). Ibn Maajah Also, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) said Whosoever pursues a path to seek knowledge therein, Allaah will thereby make easy for him a path to Paradise.No slew gather together in one of the houses of Allaah (mosques), reciting the Book of Allaah and studying it among themselves, without tranquility descending upon them, mercy enveloping them and angles surrounding them, and Allaah making mention of them to those (angels) who are with Him. Muslim 2. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) always had a center for teaching. Most of the time, it was the mosque. 3. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was soft in his dealings and always facilitated things and made them easy for others.He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was merciful an d humble and made himself readily available. 4. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) never pushed people into anything. Instead, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) gradually taught them and led them to change. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) always motivated them to follow his example and be their best. 5.He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would not continuously teach or reach with them, only when he would give them enough breaks to avoid overstressing or boring them. 6. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) spoke plainly and distinctly and he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) talked to people at their level of understanding and intellectual ability. Whenever appropriate, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) spoke to people in their own dialect for the Arabs had different dialect s. . He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) used the method of repetition. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would repeat whatever he wanted to stress for three times to insure that all heard him properly and clearly understood what he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was saying. 8. When questioned, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would give more than what is expected as an answer and use the occasion to further clarify things for all, and teach about other things. . Whenever the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) had to choose betwixt two ways, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) chose the easier way, which had facility and mercy if there was nothing forbidden in that, and he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) kept away from the difficult and harsh ways. 10. He sallallaahu a layhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) attached special attention to teaching the women and provided them special times for questions.He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) encouraged them to ask and learn. 11. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) used to do his best in everything, and he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) perfected whatever he did, thus setting an example for others. The era of the Companions and their followers The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them did their utmost to convey Islam to the generations succeeding them in the best and most accurate way possible.They sincerely loved it, honestly lived accord to it and faithfully preserved it and kept any impurity or irregularity out of it. Their role in the preservation of Islam was one of utmost importance to its continuation, but they were highly prepared for it by the best teacher and trainer, the Prophet sallallaa hu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ). Thus the studying of this era, especially with respect to the account and authority of the Sunnah, is necessary to all Students of Knowledge.And since this article will not provide enough details to properly cover the subject, it is recommended that the readers consult the following list of books on the subject Studies of Early Hadeeth Literature by M. M. Azami, Sunnah Qabla at-Tadween (the Sunnah before Writing) by Ajaj Al-Khateeb, The Sunnah and its Place in Islam by Mustafa As-Sibaee, Manhajj an-Naqd fi Uloom Al-Hadeeth (The Methodology of Critique in the Sciences of Hadeeth) by Noor-ud-deen Etr, Al-Hadeeth wal Muhaddithoon (Hadeeth and Hadeeth Narrators) by Muhammad M.Abu Zahou, and Hujjiatus Sunnah (The Authority of the Sunnah) by Houcine Chouat. Methodology of the Companions in Preserving the Sunnah Before discussing the Companions ways of learning, practicing, preserving and conveying of the Sunnah, it is worthwhile to she d some sluttish on the main points one needs to understand about the Companions may Allaah be pleased with them and their methodology 1. The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them were fully aware(predicate) of the responsibility they shoulder after the death of the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ). . The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them are all trustworthy. They may Allaah be pleased with them never doubted one another in the matters of this religion and the narration of Hadeeth. 3. The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them have developed a methodology for scrutinizing Hadeeths and narrators, and by doing that have established the rules of ascertaining narrations for those who came after them. 4. The ability of different Companions may Allaah be pleased with them to understand the Sunnah, memorize it and convey it varied from one Companion to another. . The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them left Makkah and Madeenah to many places around the Muslim world, at the time, for the purpose of delivering the message and teaching Islam to those who accepted it thus spreading the Sunnah throughout the land. It is interesting to note that about 750 Companions may Allaah be pleased with them narrated Hadeeths, seven of whom narrated a high number of Hadeeths, and about twenty narrated an average number, the rest narrated a small number.The seven who narrated a large number of Hadeeths are Abu Hurayrah who narrated 5374 Hadeeths, Abdullaah Ibn Umar narrated 2630, Anas Ibn Maalik narrated 2286, Aaishah narrated 2210 Hadeeths, Abdullaah Ibn Abbaas narrated 1660, Jaabir Ibn Abdullaah narrated 1540, and Abu Saeed AI-Khudri narrated 1100 Hadeeths may Allaah be pleased with them. They understood their role and were aware of the significance of their ability in narrating the Hadeeths and did their best to deliver them diligently and accurately. Muslims of all times are indebted to them may Allaah be pleased with them.History of the Sunnah -II The era of the Companions and their followers Related Articles The two most authentic books of Hadeeth The Sunnah The second source of legislation Origination of Sunnah from the Prophet More New Popular thickening Book Articles Fatwa Multimedia Subject Published on 1 Words of divorce 2012/11/29 2 Youth loved by Allaah II 2012/11/29 3 Youth loved by Allaah I 2012/11/29 Occasions 1 The Sacred Months 2 The Sacred Month of Muharram 3 The beginning of a New Islamic Year All rights reserved to IslamWeb. 2012

Information Technology Acts Paper Essay

Have you ever been sitting at home relaxing when the headphone rings and it is a telemarketer on the other line trying to sell you something? You didnt reach out to the company on the other line suggestion this intrusion. Most of the time, you dont even want the product they are selling. This is an issue that has plagued millions of people across the United States since the mid-to-late eighties when businesses started using the telephone in order to market and sell their products. Two Acts in particular have been passed in order to help battle telemarketers and maintain residencies privacy when it comes to the telephone.The Telephone Consumer security Act (TCPA) was passed in 1991 was implemented because of the increasing amount of commercial assembling calls consumers were receiving. The act laid out rules that companies must abide by when marketing through and through the telephone. Some of these rules consisted of providing the solicitors name, the name of the entity whose beh alf the call is being made, and a telephone number or address where they can be contacted. Another is that solicitation calls can only be made between the hours of 8 am and 9 pm.Finally telemarketers must abide by any do not call requests from consumers. According to Unwanted Telephone Marketing Calls (2013), In June 2003, the FCC supplemented its original rules implementing the TCPA and established, together with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the national Do-Not-Call list. George W. Bush signed the Do-Not-Call writ of execution Act into law on June 11th, 2003. This Act in conjunction with the TCPA, the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act is also here to protect the consumer from unwanted phone calls.There is a grace period of 31 days that the consumer has to put their phone number on this list from the day the number is registered. Companies can be sued by individuals for not upholding rules by which these to Acts represent. States can also initiate civil action against offendi ng companies. Individuals can also file complaints through the FCC. These are a few of the ship canal the TCPA and Do-Not-Call Implementation Acts can be enforced. They are only here to protect the consumer and we are all better off for them.

Non violent movement

There is a wide-spread conception in the theory of nation-building that violence is an ultimate way to express disagreement and overcome injustice as well as fight a dictatorship. But the last century has proven the fallaciousness of this conception. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther baron Jr., Nelson Mandela and Dalai Lama and many others have shown that nonviolence can be more powerful force in defeating oppressive rulers and legalitys.Their lives and actions are examples how oppressors or unjust statute may be defied by the force of word and soul rather than by the force of weapons. Gene Sharp summarizes the hard-hittingness of nonviolent actions with such spoken communication nonviolent action is possible, and is capable of wielding great power even against ruthless rulers and military regimes, because it attacks the most vulnerable characteristic of all hierarchical institutions and governments dependence on the governed (p. 18).unbloody action is an application of a very s imple truth hoi polloi do not always do what they are told to do, and nightimes they do that which has been forbidden. When people refuse their cooperation, withhold their help, and persist in their disobedience and defiance, they do this to deny their opponents the basic human assistance and cooperation which any government or hierarchical governing body requires. If they do this collectively through their established independent social institutions or newly improvised groupings for a sufficient period of time, the power of that government allow for weaken and potentially dissolve.The world history has witnessed the fields when nonviolent means have been chosen over violence for religious or ethical reasons. In some cases, even when pragmatic political considerations were dominant in the choice of nonviolent struggle, the movement has taken on certain religious or ethical overtones. This was the case in the campaigns of the Indian National Congress for independence from Britai n in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Those struggles, often under Gandhis attractershiphip, and also the civil rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s in the Deep South of the coupled States, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., are very important.Mohandas KaramchandGandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, is the first name that comes to mind when one speaks of nonviolence in the 20th century. His charisma and his action not only had a profound effect on Indias modern history, but also provided unfluctuating basis for all future nonviolent struggles in the world. Gandhis political philosophy revolved around three key concepts satyagraha (non-violence), sawaraj (home rule), and sarvodaya (welfare of all). Whereas satyagraha was all important(p)ly a tactics of achieving political ends by non-violent means, sawaraj and sarvodaya sought to encourage ideas of somebody and collective improvement and regeneration. Such regeneration, Gandhi insisted, was necessary if India was to rediscover her enduring historical and religious self and agree off British rule. (Andrews, 1949)Perhaps Gandhis best-known act of civil disobedience, known as the second satyagraha (hold fast to the truth) was Salt marching that was winning place in 1930 from12 March to 6 April. It expressed increasing frustration by Congress at its own impotence and, specifically, the British refusal to admit Dominion status to India. Gandhi chose the hatredd brininess tax as the object of his campaign. At the time, the Indian government maintained a monopoly over the manufacture of salt, an essential basic commodity which was thus heavily taxed. Those using their own salt, e.g. if they were living close to the sea, were subject to heavy punishment.The 61-year-old Mahatma started the 240-mile-long march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi together with lxxviii of his followers. He was joined by thousands along the way, in a march that received vast international and national att ention. When the protesters marched on to a government salt depot, he was arrested, as were between 60,000 and 90,000 other Indians in subsequent months, as well as the entire Congress leadership. Gandhi was released and called off the campaign in March 1931 following the GandhiIrwin Pact, which allowed Gandhi to participate in the second Round Table Conference, and symbolically permitted the production of salt for domestic consumption.From the 1920s to early 1940s, he led a series of passive resistance campaigns in pursuit of Swaraj, which redefined the character of Indian nationalism. He sought tolerance between Hindus and Muslims and the eradication of caste untouchability. In January 1948 he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic for his pro-Muslim sympathies. Gandhis insistence that means were more important than the ends distinguished him from other great political leaders of the twentieth century.Since his death Gandhi has become the source of inspiration for non-violent politic al movements such as the Civil Rights Movement in the USA. Desmond Tutu in the article A Force More Powerful a Century of unbloody Conflict rightfully points out The leaders who opted for nonviolent weapons often learned from resistance movements of the past. Indian nationalist leader Mohandas Gandhi was inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American leaders traveled to India to study Gandhis tactics. (Tutu, 2000) Non-cooperation was a major tactic employed by Gandhi when he felt the state had become immoral or unjust.In the King movement, such action was called boycott, the most effective nonviolent tactic employed in the movement to abolish discrimination in prevalent transportation in Montgomery, Alabama. The justification for such action lies in the fact that rejection is as much of an action as acceptance. Thus, King, like Gandhi, while emphasizing the necessity of courage, utilized the boycott to achieve rejection of un just laws regulating public transportation and public lunch counters.The net effect of the various expressions of the nonviolent protest, especially the boycott, strike, demonstration and jail, was to draw ones opponent off balance, hoping thereby to change his mind. (Smith, p.58) Nonviolence, therefore, was not a sign of weakness or of a lack of courage. Quite the contrary, King believed that only the strong and courageous person could be nonviolent. He advised persons not to get involved in the civil rights struggle unless they had the strength and the courage to stand before people full of hate and to break the cycle of violence by refusing to retaliate.King just as Gandhi emphasized the need to prepare for action. The Civil Rights Movement initiated by Martin Luther King, Jr. succeeded in mobilizing extensive nonviolent direct action. Innovative tactics included economic boycotts, beginning with the yearlong boycott of a bus company in Montgomery, Alabama, begun in declination 1955 and led by Martin Luther King, Jr. sit-in demonstrations and mass marches, including a massive mobilization of whites and nigrifys in the August 1963 March on Washington, which culminated in Kings I have a dream speech, and protest marches led by King that met with police violence in Selma, Alabama, in January 1965.The goal of these protests was to swage the entire system of racial segregation and to empower African Americans by seizing the franchise. Participants of the Civil Rights Movement were often beaten and brutalized by southern law enforcement officials, and thousands were arrested and jailed for their protest activities. Some leaders and participants were killed.Nevertheless, an endless stream of highly visible oppositenesss in the streets, which contrasted the brutality and the inhumanity of the white segregationists with the dignity and resolve of black protesters, made the cause of black civil rights the major issue in the United States for over a decade during the 1950s and 1960s. The nation and its leaders were constrained to decide publicly whether to grant African Americans their citizenship rights or to side with white segregationists who advocated racial superiority and the undemocratic subjugation of black people.In conclusion it would be applicable to provide a brief revision of the similarity and differences the detection of which was purpose of this analysis. The parallels between Gandhi and Martin Luther King are self-evident. This preliminary look at Gandhi and Kings activity gives us the understanding that nonviolent movement cannot be limited by time frames or specific location. It rather needs a leader with strong character, resilience and ability to persuade people. The two leaders preferred nonviolence at a time when their people were being oppressed. Both struggled against the duad of white oppression. Like Gandhi, King valued the power of nonviolent political action in keeping with the spirit of Gandhis satyagraha. Ki ngs usance in organizing the Montgomery bus boycott enabled him to emerge as the creator of a strategy of civil disobedience that earned for the civil-rights movement in the United States unprecedented media coverage, new forms of public recognition, and greater access to political power.Though both agreed that nonviolence is successful tactics on condition that every individual is committed to truth and justice, Gandhi tended to lay stress upon the necessity of personal suffering when participating in nonviolent movement, an attitude that to some extent was less rapacious than Kings emphasis on self-sacrifice. Moreover, Gandhi claimed that to achieve the goals through nonviolence one needs patience and non-cooperation and King believed that it is a certain degree of confrontation that is necessary to accomplish change. One more difference between Gandhi and King lies in the paradigm of their activity.While Gandhi was concerned about social injustice suffered by Indian people, Kin gs concerns bore upon racial discrimination of African Americans in the USA. And probably the most striking difference is the result of their struggle. While Martin Luther Kings ideas after his death were followed through by his followers and found an echo in common Americans heart, Gandhi was criticized that his tactics unnecessarily delayed the divagation of the British, precipitated the partition of India, and led to the Hinduization of Congress because of his over-emphasis on religion. Few of Gandhis ideas were put into practice by independent India.While both of them deserve respect and admiration, it is possible to greet that their approaches to the practice of nonviolence later grew strong one as opposition, the other as protest. Gandhi and King help us to believe that peaceful resolution of a conflict will live up to its promise.ReferencesAndrews, C. F. Mahatma Gandhis Ideas. London Allen & Unwin, 1949McCarthy, R. and Sharp, G., eds., Nonviolent Action A Research Guide. Ne w York, 1997Sharp, G. The Role of Power in Nonviolent Struggle. Monograph Series, No. 3. The Albert Einstein Institution, 1990Smith, Kenneth and Zepp, Ira. Search for the Beloved Community The Thinking of Martin Luther King. Valley Forge Judson Press, 1974.Tutu, Desmond. A Force More Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict. Social Education. (64)5, 2000

The Gambia

For my first location I will be investigating the Gambia. I have chosen the Gambia because its not a very considerable country and t here(predicate)s plenty of information available for it. The Gambia is mainly a winter sun destination this means that most visitors go there when its cold here but hot there in the months of November to February. Its a long haul destination with a 6-hour flight and is Africas sm in allest country only 30miles wide and 300miles long and is endure as the smiling cost.The Gambia is very popular because its a bird watchers paradise with tropical birds never seen before and also because everyone speaks English also it has famous museums to tally more about the slave trade like Roots. Majority of the community is Muslim. Development of tourism in the Gambia The Tourism in Gambia started some 40 yrs ago, when Gambia got its independence from British rule in 1965 and has increased every year from than.The development of hotels has had a definite increase with statistics recording around 660 tourer in 1965, than a very massive increase from 1975 with over 25, 000 and the latest records show an even larger increase with 112,986 tourers in 1998/99. This is a very large number of holidaymakers considering that the population is only 1,367,124 (approx). The main increase is due to the all inclusive hotels were guest pay one price up front for all their food, drink and fun in the hotel.The all inclusive hotels have been a problem because tourist do not bother to leave the hotel and see the natural beauty and replete the local anaesthetic people which means they do not benefit from the tourist because they cant sell the souvenirs or other things and the tourist miss out because they do not get to explore the beauty of the country and try local cuisines which also means that local restaurants loose out. Another problem is that not all of the money stays in the country because usually the hotels are foreign owned and the money reaches the mother company and this is when leakages occur.There are a some utilitys due to the hotels which are that many local people get jobs in the hotels which means less unemployment and also the contribute to the local economy due to administration taxes. The government did try to close the all inclusive hotels down because of all the problems they were causing but because of this tourist stopped coming all together so they had to bring them back again. The restores of tourism on the physical environment Tourism in the Gambia has had both positive and negative impacts.The infrastructure of the country has a big part in the environment, the negative sides of the infrastructure are that building work such as hotels and restaurants mean that large amounts of land has to be cleared to fox room for all the facilities which mean that the natural rainforest have to be cut down which also may mean the loss of habitat. There is a great deal of soil erosion and footpath erosion on freque ntly visited destinations, which in the future could cause problems.The positive sides are that with the newfangled hotels and restaurants for the tourist they need to make basic things like clean running water, electricity and a sewage system, which will also benefit the local people. Another advantage is that greater awareness on the interests in the landscape and vegetation is being taken, also there is a greater need for preservation of ancient monument. The impact of tourism on the local community Majority of the Gambia is Muslim who have very strict food, drink and dress regulations.Tourist especially from European countries who know little about the belief may behave in an inappropriate manner while visiting there. Women lay topless on the beaches and men offer around half naked around the market area, this causes conflict between the tourist and local people because the locals were bought up to learn that those things are wrong. An example is if tourist walk around holding hands it would upset the local community because they think that there children mite start to think its okay to do this.Because of the tourist the crime rate usually goes up because of tourist getting drunk causing disturbance, women getting raped and more drug related crimes go up and this could also mean that the local people think this is the correct way to behave, this is known as the demonstration affect this causes great conflict between generations because the new generation may think that there religion is old and out of date and change their traditional morals and general behaviour.Also traditional shipway of cooking will be changed because most tourist want fast food so local restaurants will have to change there ship canal of cooking and also music and arts will be changed because of foreigners wanting TVs and radios. English words will replace the local language. All this means that the local communities will loose there traditional way of life and will have to change to survive.It can also be argued that all of these problems are not all due to the impacts of tourism because in the modern world you have TV were the locals can see the lifestyle of foreigners and will try to copy it, interlingual rendition magazines and also because of the people travelling to other countries all adds up to the changes.

Personal Financial Plan

in-person Financial Plan better 5 Sheri Mulder Personal Finance Age 30 Establish good credit and avoid undue debt Invest aggressively for privacy secure a first home and build equity vex a will and health directives Age 30-45 Create an estate formulate. Buy adequate life and hinderance insurance. Keep investing as much as possible. Save for childrens college. Age 45-65 Leverage peak earning days to build financial security. Shift retirement savings as necessary. Review estate devices regularly as assets grow and to reflect changing life circumstances. Age 65 and beyondAppropriately rebalance assets to manage risk. Take action to minimise estate taxes and facilitate wealth transfer to descendants. Make sure health insurance is adequate. What was used to back up establish the personal financial plan was a website that had an physical exertion of a financial plan considering life-stage changes. The example was attendful because it showed different ages of an individuals li fe and what should be done during those stages. The example was helpful to use because the example is very similar to the situation and life style changes that are becoming an issue.The financial resources that would be used to help make financial decisions would be to get a loan from the bank for a mortgage. Taking come in a bank loan would only be used if on that point was a large count of bills needed and there was not enough saved up to use. It is important to have a nest egg to fall back on in case of emergencies so an individual does not have to use financial resources to get him or her out an emergency situation. Short-Term Goals Finishing college increase savings account Purchasing a new vehicle Reducing high interest debt Buy life insurance Make plans for retirementIntermediate-Term Goals Paying off expensive debt Creating an emergency fund to cover 12 months of expenses Buying a new car Taking special vacation Long-Term Goals Own a home free of mortgage payments Own a vacation home in the mountains somewhere unconnected Accumulate enough funds to not have to work, but maybe something part time in case I get bored My personal risk tolerance is very traditionalist at this current moment of life. Although my time horizon has many geezerhood to invest, right now the asset direct is not high enough to have very much left to invest. My risk olerance is also conservative because of lack of experience and knowledge of investing. In the future when there is a higher asset level, there could be a possibility of hiring a professional to help with an investment. My time horizon impacts my financial plan because of how many years that there is left before retirement. The number of years that an individual has before retirement is important to determine how to invest and save money. By the time of graduation, there should be close to forty years to take on risky investments. There will also be forty years to load a portfolio with bonds and cash. Cash Flow Statement Cash from gross wages 43220 Cash compensable for Income taxes and deductions -8164 Mortgage -7617 Food -9600 Car expenses -7000 Clothing -1800 Cell phone -1560 Internet and cable TV -1272 difference Sheet Assets Liabilities Car $6,183Student Loan $10,000 Savings $600 Total $6,783Total $10,000 Net Worth ($3,217) Personal Monthly Budget communicate Monthly Income $1,667. 28 Actual Monthly Income $2,684. 00 Housing Housing Projected Cost Actual Difference Mortgage $934. 72 $934. 2 0 Phone $130. 00 $159. 00 -29 Electric $212. 00 $212. 00 0 Cable $84. 00 $84. 00 0 Start saving, keep saving, and stick to your goals Contribute to your employers retirement savings plan Learn about your employers pension plan Dont touch your retirement savings Ask your employer to start a planPut money into an Individual Retirement Account Find out about your Social Security benefits age value of money impacts this part of the plan because the longer mo ney is saved, the more it will be cost when an individual retires. When you save or invest money, it will be worth more because it will shit interest by investing it. The earlier a person invests or saves money, the longer that the amount of money has time to gain interest and increase in value. Works Cited https//ww3. janus. com/Janus/Retail/StaticPage? jsp=jsp/Common/JanusReportHTML. jsp&assetname=JanusReportThroughYears

Disregard of Moral Values Lead to Unethical Deeds Essay

This greed for money has crossed the limits of all good standards, regard and consideration for fellow men, or sympathy and compassion. All these things seem to have gone with the revoke and be among the major casualties of the post-independence period. This development can be considered quite a new one, probably an supplement of the modern technological development which is . taking place rapidly in this country, as the malaise has curiously afflicted the young and the middle aged people.The increasing attraction towards the modern glamorous lifestyles, big cars and bungalows, gorgeous dresses and jewellery has much(prenominal) effect on people that they would not hesitate to resort tovalues all means, unfair to take aim wealth and all luxuries of life. This mad obsession for reaching the top is the dream of everybody, and as such the moral and ethical values do not seem to have any place. Morality is a lot defined as the doctrine of actions right or wrong it is synonymous with ethics.Moralists ar selfless and prophesy justice in every sphere of life. If people tend to observe morals, they will constitute a healthy and sound society. Morality knows nothing of the geographical boundaries or distinctions of race or color in modern age, the traditional values which are in themselves moral and symbols of rectitude, have been radically transformed. Most of the principles are in a flux and human convictions based a rich human experience are in the melting pot.Obsessions with circumstances and the peculiar conditions prevailing in a region have proven so overpowering that everything else is thrown overboard. Excessive wealth does not necessarily promote culture and intelligence. In fact, the ostentatious and luxurious living that wealth promotes, causes a notable deterioration in character and creative activity of values. Rarely do highly intelligent people, famous writers or artiest belong to rich families.Since wealth itself has the wont of diminishing fast, most of those who possess it go to any extent, even to the adoption of unethical practices and dishonesty to acquire more wealth. This leads to further decay and deterioration of character. Indias Poet Laureate, Rabindra Nath Tagore warned. Greed of wealth and power can never have a limit a compromise on self-control can never detect the final spirit of reconciliation.

The Life of Susan Brownell Anthony

She is a leader, an advocate, a reformist, an educational reformer, a labor activist, a seeker of justice, a fighter of emancipation, a crusader, a humanitarian, a rebel and most of all, a woman of suffrage. Susan B. Anthony led the life of struggles as she pushed forth the rights of women as equal citizens, amidst the dominance governing of men of her time. The Early brio Imagine a persistent business concern of Green Mountains, rushing streams tumbling through rocky gorges, beautiful meadows and forests, old bridges coupled with pleasantly old-fashioned farmhouses and roadways.This picturesque scenery is where Susan B. Anthony was born, a second child and second eldest to Daniel and Susan Read Anthony of Adams, mummy on February 15, 1820. She grew up in the loving and welcoming arms of her arrest and father. Although she lived in a black and quiet home, theirs was a home filled with respect, affection and great comfort. Susan as a child is precocious, brimming with intellig ence and life. At an early age of three she was taught to spell and read.She has great ambition and does things that ar considered beyond a young ladys capacity. Her father, one of her greatest influences was as a manager of a mill about company and an abolitionist enthusiast at that time. At the age of 10, she was permitted by her kind and charitable mother to accompany his father in his work and at the age of eleven was able to detect the unjustness seen on women (Harper, 1969). She noticed a worker named Sally Ann who was exceptional in weaving not emerging to a position of an overseer.A man named Elijah, who was the overseer at that time, kept going over to Sally Ann when dire situations come and in enchantment Sally Ann always manages to deliver and correct the problems. And so when she asked her father why ever Sally Ann never got the position as an overseer, he replied that its because she was a woman, the dissatisfaction of Susan grew up in a place filled with women. M ost of the mills weavers were young girls and as custom, they reside with the millowner.Susan unneurotic with her mother took care of these women and cooks and packs a dinner pail for them. Education was very important in their household. When the family go to Battenville, there is an old fashioned district school taught by a man in wintertime and a woman in summer, however their views on teaching a girl lessons that were never insisted upon her much(prenominal) as Mathematics pushed her father to build a private school employed with the best teachers and unless admitted children willing to associate with his own.Girls were taught sewing, spelling as well as reading. Susan at the age of 15 became a teacher herself. This caused much debate from their neighbors for women are only employed or only work when situations are pressed upon them. In her time, womens values as equals were ignored and the right to vote where given to a chosen few, however this was not the case in their h ousehold and Susan never forgot the mark that forever instilled her to fight. Issues of bondage also intermingle, she once heard her father saying never to buy cotton raised by slavery.She joined meetings and conferences along with her father by the time she was old enough and thus began her quest for freedom (Lutz, 1959). The Susan B. Anthony as an Abolitionist Members of Susan Anthonys house during Sun daylights would meet at their farm where they were occasionally joined by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. In 1956 she became an agent of American Anti-Slavery Society wherein shes active in conducting speeches and meetings. As a direct she was mobbed, threatened. She was hung in effigy and her image was dragged around the streets.In 1963, together with her closest friend, Elizabeth Stanton that she met on 1951 created Womens National Loyal unite wherein they fought for the rights of Black women as full citizens by means of being allowed to vote. They were bitterly disappointed when their petition didnt appear in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, however continued their campaign in her newspaper The transmutation that she herself is the editor and publisher. An Educational Reformer At the age of 26, Susan Anthony was the head of the girls department at Canajoharie Academy fro two years earning $110 a year.It was in 1953 that she called for a convention in which turn up the issues regarding better pay and positions for women. She reiterated that it should be so because men and womens minds are of no difference so better opportunities should also be given to women ad ex-slaves such as education and equal treatment. cardinal of her most memorable exploits was during the 1890s, when she raised $50,000 to secure the admittance of women in the University of Rochester putting her life insurance insurance in value to meet up the deadline.The said University was forced to submit due to their promise and as a result, during 1900s women were ad mitted for the first time. As a Labor Activist In her paper, The Revolution she promoted the eight-hour day and equal pay for equal work which in turn promoted the purchasing of American-made goods and immigration in the siemens and resettle in the country. She encouraged women to form unions that will secure their right as workers and spearheaded the Workingwomens Central railroad tie in 1970. As a Temperance Worker Her family always condemned the drinking of liquor.Back when she was a head of the girls department, she joined the Daughter of Temperance, a movement that notifies the public of the effects of liquor on families and campaigned for a law against it. There was a time when she had been refused to speak in a convention and in turn she walked out and held a convention of her own. Together with Elizabeth Stanton, she formed another organization and fought their way to the creation of laws against liquors. A Woman Suffragist and a Campaigner Anthony believed that in order f or men and women to become equal, a necessity for women to be allowed to vote should be in order.It symbolizes the capacity for women to decide and at the same time be adjudge of their worthiness. It was the onset of voting in 1872 that she defiantly casted her ballot in the presidential elections and was arrested because of it. In turn she denied that it wasnt a crime and refused to pay for the penalty. She argued that she was merely exercising her right as a citizen of the country and recited the introduce of the federal constitution wherein she stressed that the citizens of the country, not white men or male men forms the union.It was in February 15, 1906, at the age of 86, Susan B. Anthony died. Ten thousand mourners grieved for her. In her later years she had extensively traveled the humanity seeking for woman empowerment. She was able to organize 48 countries with the same cause. It was 100 years after her natal day that 19th amendment was passed on, extending the rights of women to vote. A Conclusion In the end, it is safe to say that Susan B. Anthony is truly a woman ahead of her time. She might have lived a life full of struggles but she had lived on to the fullest.She had fought her way against the system in order to right what she thinks is an injustice. In the end, she is truly a hero and a martyr that maybe in one way or another, had not been not much credited upon. She is a symbol of justice and a mother of all women. She represents the women of today that now know how to fight for their rights. She had gone a long way but in the end, she fought hard and won hard. Her legend lives on as women continue to abet their worth as women in the society, amidst the onslaught of injustices and oppression.The fight still continues as long as there are still those who suffer. References An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Anthony, on teh Charge of Illegal voting, at the presidential Election in November, 1872. Rochester Daily Democrat and Chr onicle Book Print, 1872. Reprinted 2002 by The Lawbook Exchange Limited. Biography of Susan B. Anthony. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from http//www. susanbanthonyhouse. org/biography. s hypertext mark-up language Harper, Ida Husted. (1969) Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony. New YorkL Arno, 1969. NOTES Reprint of ten 1898-1908 ed.Holland, Patricia G. Susan B. Anthony. Microsoft Encarta 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Linder. Doug (2001). The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting. Retrieved January 18 2008 from http//www. law. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/anthony/sbaaccount. html Lutz, A. (1959). Susan B. Anthony Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian. Zenger Publishing Co. Inc. Washington D. C. Susan B. Anthony. (2006). American Atheist. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from http//www. atheists. org/Atheism/roots/anthony/

Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies.

AbstractAttempts to rebalance the sexual urge distinction that pull rounds in society shed been made for many years, yet the extent to which these contribute forgeed is unclear. Various sociable policies ease up been employ by well- cosmos state to protect wowork force against difference, though different ideas generally exist as to what is acceptable at bottom society. Such ideas comport changed considerably over time and women ar no persistenter being discriminated against as they once were, yet sexual urge bias is hush prevalent. It stay to be seen whether this leave ever be completely eradicated as different countries exit brood to perceive sexuality in com parability in a different manner. The kindly policies, relating to sex equating, of two countries entrust be examined in this aim to in monastic localize to consider the extent to which these check proven takingsive in combating favouritism.Introduction An political theory is a descend of i deas as to how society should behave and generally forms the basis of economic and political theory. Ideologies have usually been created by those who dominant society and ar usually formed as a result of common interests. It can non be utter that ideology is broody of the whole of society and instead thither exists differing locatings and opinions as to what an ideal introduction is (Eagleton, 1991 3). However, as expressed by Kania (1988 1) a large amount of the existing literature in this stadium that is de pick outd to Marxist thought highlights the diversity of opinion, values and policy advocated by persons associated with that label. De maliciousness these differences, ideology has been considered discriminatory in nature as those who overleap it argon much biased. This was recognised by Curra who pointed turn out that ideology wholly serves the interests of one member of a society more than all a nonher(prenominal) segments (2000 6). It and so take c atomic number 18s apparent in light of this assertion that one segment of society ordain benefit from ideology, whilst other segments will not. This is largely reflected in sexual practice par and family policies as many stable consider the alleged(prenominal) nuclear family to be the norm in contemporary society (Sudha, 2000 184). However, it cannot be said that the nuclear family does in truth reflect the majority in society and so the associated ideology could be seen as outmoded (Saggers and Sims, 2009 173). This study will compare the affable policies of France and Germany in the field of sexual urge equivalence and family policies in order to show the extent to which sex activity equality is being attained. The applicability sexual practice equality and family policy has in France and Germany to functionalism and thoroughfare dependence will as well be considered. sexuality comparability and Family insurance sexual activity variety was starting brought to the public s attention in 1970 when the feminist figurehead highlighted the struggles women were being subjected to as a congenital occasion of their e genuinelyday manners (Meer 2013 4). This was fol clinical depressioned by the suffrage movements in the 19th and 20th centuries, whereby suffragettes pioneered for the right for women to vote (Foghlam Alba, 2012 1). During this period, certain groups of society viewed manfuls as being the breadwinners, whilst women were considered the homemakers. Be run of this conception, a privation of financial living was provided to women by the upbeat state as it was believed that women could rely on the income of their husbands (Herring 2007 p. 262). Women were far less(prenominal) likely to leave their husbands as a result of this, which could be one of the principal(prenominal) reasons why there has been a huge increase in the divorce in recent years (Benson, 2013 1). It was apparent by many that social policy changes were studyed to rectify this imbalance and thereof provide women with better protection against distinction (United Nations, 2013 1). Some feminists believed that ideology was the own of such inequality and that unless all nation states adopt effective sex equality social policies, women will carry on to be treated un favourably in society (George and Wilding 1985 p. 122). Some feminists argue that unless equality at heart family social systems is addressed, women will never be completely publish regardless as to what social policies have been implemented by the welfare state (Craven, 2005 3). This was recognised by Fraser who was of the view that the policies of existing welfare states are ground on assumptions near sexual activity that are increasingly out of phase with many peoples lives and self- apprehendings (1994 591).It cannot be said that women are being provided with sufficient protection within society, yet sex inequality is still one of the most important principles that is conta ined in the human rights law of the European Union (EU). The EU affects to make progress in the tackling of sex discrimination, as exemplified by Article 14 of the European assemblage of Human Rights, though it cannot be said that all nation states adopt the same approach as the EU. Consequently, unless sexual activity equality is being instilled into the frameworks of all welfare states, gender discrimination will be likely to remain. regardless of the EUs gender equality policies, nonetheless, women continue to be treated less favourably than men and as it has been recognised by Radacic that despite the pronouncements of gender discrimination, inequality of still reigns (2008 841). It cannot be said that EU policy has had much of an effect in establishing complete equality between the genders, though it is contestable whether it ever will (Mill and Okin, 1988 1). Hence, it has been pointed out that although the EU has paved the way for more equal gender rights in areas s uch as marriage and work, inequality persists when it comes to domestic forcefulness, gift and the division of cut into (Pascall, 2000 240). It seems as though the EU has made great attempts towards the progress of gender equality, yet these have not proven sufficient. throw out changes thusly need to be made to ensure that women are not being treated unfavourably to men. sexual activity comparability and family policies in West Germany complaisant policy in Germany appears largely to reflect ideologic principles, in that males are considered breadwinners, whilst egg-producing(prenominal)s are considered homemakers. The German people are generally of the view that women should not go out to work and that they should instead stay at home to look after the childrenHence, as illustrated by Peters work forces stereotypical role in Germany is one of the income earning breadwinner, who leaves the house for work in the sunup and comes back in the evening (2001 93). Although this may be a common touch sensation throughout Germany, it does not provide a true reflection of the gender roles. Women are frequently choosing to work as argue to staying at home, yet the gender concede gap is also increasing. Germanys even out gap has thus been widely criticised for being one of the largest in the EU and the EU Commission suggest that this is getting worse (European Commission, 2012 1). Davis and Robinson believe that much of this gender bias is ca apply by the policies that are being held by families and societal ideals. does seem to have some validity, and social policies still need to be reformed in Germany so that gender equality is being addressed appropriately. Arguably, if effective policies are implemented in Germany, it is likely that this will cause the policies held by families to also change (Seeleib-Kaiser, 2007 2).This alone will not be sufficient to bring about gender equality, and attitudes will also need to change. It has been suggested by Davi s and Robinson that women with use husbands are less likely to be live oned than women with unemployed husbands. This is because, husbands in employment are unlikely to be detainive of efforts to reduce gender inequality (1991 72). This suggests that women are less likely to advance in society if they receive a deficiency of support from their husbands. This shows how men can impact the strikement of gender equality. The social policies that exist in Germany should because be amended so that gender equality can be improved. At indicate, women do not receive fit support from the government (Gelb and Palley, 2009 368), though as noted by the OECD some are of the view that if great support is provided to women, they will be less likely to have children which will have an overall impact upon the German population (OECD, 2008 15). Conversely, it was in event found by the OECD that countries with policies that help female employment are those with the highest richness rates ( 2008 15). Instead of reducing the population, further support would in accompaniment increase it which is considered integral to economic emergence (OECD, 2007 7). Arguably, the limited support for workings mothers in Germany has resulted in women postponing accouchement so that they can instead enter the workforce in order to financially support themselves. This has an effect upon economic growth (WILPF International, 2013 1), though it has been said that social policy in Germany is a work in progress and that attempts to reinforce childcare is being made (Spiegel, 2012 1). sexuality Equality and family policies in France In equality with Germany, social policy in France does actually appear to reflect the ideas of contemporary society, and is thus more halcyon to women. This was place by Rodgers when it was noted that France has a more conscious, clearly delimit concept of family policy, which finds expression in statutory and voluntary institutions whose primary or even sole purpose is to promote the welfare of the family (2009 113). statutory benefits in France are also provided, as of right, to some(prenominal) parents. This demonstrates how gender equality is more adequate in France than it is in Germany (Rogers, 2009 113). This is due to the support women receive in France by the French government and the favourable family policies that exist. important support for childcare is also being provided by France and their allowance governance is positionly generous (European Union, 2014 1). The support that is provided to women is thus in consorted to allow a work-life balance to be achieved. This approach does appear to be working given over the high fertility and employments rates of women with children (European Commission, 2014 1). Hence, it has been argued that the high fertility rates in France is due to Frances consistent family policy and the excellent employment prospects women are said to have (Del Boca, 2008 2).Monetary benefits are a key feature of Frances family policy (Cleiss, 2013 1). This generosity has been considered necessity in supporting women and removing gender inequality in France. Yet not all agree with this approach and it has instead been argued that whilst women in France receive a number of different benefits such as paid, four-month gestation period leaves tax breaks for having more children and other family-friendly government subsidies, their solid ground lags behind many other nations in gender equality (MNT, 2010 1). This suggests that although a number of social policies have been established in France that intend to provide greater support to women, not all believe that gender inequality is eradicated and instead argued that outdated societal attitudes regarding women are still prevalent (Girling, 2002 126). Nevertheless, Frances benefit system does appear to be a lot more generous than Germanys, which might be suggested leads to greater equality between the sexes. However, it seems as though complete equality is still not being attained. There still appears to be a gender pay gap between men and women in France, and women continue to be treated differently in general (European Commission, 2013 10). Arguably, it is clear from these findings that social policies may not actually annihilate the gender inequalities that persist within society and that the attitudes of individuals also need to be changed.Functionalist and pass dependency to gender equality and family policiesFunctionalism has been described as a philosophy of mind in that a particular psychical state will be dependent on the role it plays on the cognitive system in which it is a part of. In effect, functionalists view the identity of mental states as being determined by its casual relations to sensory stimulations, behaviour and other mental states (Stanford, 2004 1). Functionalism is clearly prevalent within the approaches that are being employed in twain Germany and France since functionali sts view gender inequality as a overlap of handed-down ideology within society (Isajiw, 2013 129). Given that gender inequality is still prevalent within both Germany and France it might be though that social policies cannot change tralatitious ideology. Pre-existing notions of the ideal family will be likely to remain and individuals will thus conform to the roles that have been provided to them by society. Whilst gender roles have changed substantially in contemporary societies, functionalists believe that conventional arrangements remain in force (Giddens and Griffiths, 2006 467). This is what appears to be occurrence in France because although social policy has been advanced, gender inequality still exists as a result of traditional arrangements. Furthermore, whilst social policy in Germany is not as supportive of women as it is in France, the same applies here and traditional arrangements continue to prevail.Path dependency is a term that is used to describe the idea that tale matters and that we are today a product of what has happened in the past (Margolis, 1996 1). Path dependency is also reflective of gender equality in Germany and France in that past decisions influence future decisions. This is so regardless of whether the mess are still relevant (Arthur, 1994 33). Historical viewpoints are thusly being retained despite the position that this no longer provides a true reflection of reality and as put by Skocpol the training trends of social redbrickization may face legacies of path dependent cultural and institutional organisation (1992 8). gender equality is affected by this and improvements to the lives and wellbeing of women is stifled. Alexander and Welzel argue that path dependent processes with respect to womens suffrage policy may affect the potential to increase gender equality in particular societies (2014 9). Again, this demonstrates why women continue to be paid less than men in both Germany and France. This results from the h istorical gender inequality practices because as stated by Bjornskov et al because of the path dependence of the unfolding human life, gender inequality in the early eighties might equally affect todays opportunities, choices and inclination levels (2007 2). This will continue to affect the way women are treated in the future and it is arguable whether discrimination against women will ever be eradicated. culture Overall, it has been argued that ideological beliefs will continue to influence the ways women are treated in society, and regardless of the social policies that are implemented by welfare states, gender inequality will continue to persist. This is because the traditional roles of males and females will continue to be prevalent within all aspects of life as women will continue to take on the role of a homemaker, whilst men will continue to take on the role of a breadwinner in certain groups of society. political orientation is largely responsible for these inequalities an d women will continue to be treated differently to men as a result. This is evidenced in both Germany and France regardless of the fact that their social policy strategies are different and demonstrates how ideology will continue to dominate contemporary society. Thus, women in Germany are treated far less favourably than the women in France, yet both countries are similar when it comes to gender inequality. An example of this can be seen in relation to the gender pay gaps which are widespread amongst both nation states. Nevertheless, despite the fact that gender inequality is likely to persist regardless of what policies are implemented, it is manifest that improvements can certainly be made. Further support should be provided to women in Germany, whilst the gender pay gap should be reduced in France. This is unlikely to provide complete equality because, as recognised by the functionalist and path dependency models, the traditional arrangement of gender roles will continue influen ce society.References Alexander, A. C. and Welzel, C. (2014) Four Theories Tested on Four Different Aspects of Gender Equality Empowering Women, Online useable http//www. land.uci.edu/files/democracy/docs/conferences/grad/alexander.pdf 02 April 2014.Benson, H. (2013) What is the Divorce Rate, The Marriage Foundation, Online getable http//www.marriagefoundation.org.uk/Shared/Uploads/Products/5357_MF%20-%20What%20is%20the%20divorce%20rate%20-%20060213.pdf 02 April 2014.Bjornskov, C. Dreher, A. Justina, A. V. and Fischer, A. V. (2007) SSE/EFI Working Paper series in Economics and Finance no657.Brown, S. E., Esbensen, F., and Geis, G., (2010). Criminology Explaining Crime in Context. 7th Edition, London Elsevier.Cleiss. (2013) Family Benefits The French hearty Security System, Online accessible http//www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_france/an_4.html 02 April 2014.Craven, Z, Clearinghouse, Human Rights and Domestic Violence Australian Domestic & Family Violence, Online accessible http//www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/human_rights.pdf 02 April 2014.Curra, J., (2000). The Relativity of Crime. jet Oaks, CA. Sage.Davis, N. J. and Robinson, V. R. (1991) Mens and Womens Consciousness of Gender Inequality Austria, West Germany, Great Britain and the United States American sociological Review, volume 56, No. 1.Del Boca, D. Pasqua, S. and Pronzato, C. (2008) Market Work and Motherhood Decisions in Contexts Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No 3303, Online, addressable http//ftp.iza.org/dp3303.pdf 02 April 2014.Eagleton, T. (1991) Ideology An Introduction, London Verso.European Commission. (2012) Women on Boards Commission Proposes 40% Objective Online Available http//ec.europa.eu/justice/ intelligence agencyroom/gender-equality/news/121114_en.htm 02 April 2014.Giddens, A. and Griffiths, S. (2006) Sociology, mixer Science, Polity.Girling, J. (2002) France Political and Social Change, Routledge, Political Science.European Commission. (2012) Statistics European Unio n, Online, Available http//europa.eu/ desperate/statistics/index_en.htm 02 April 2014.European Commission. (2013) Tackling the Gender Pay Gap in the European Union Justice, Online Available http//ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/gender_pay_gap/gpg_brochure_2013_final_en.pdf 02 April 2014.European Union. (2014) France Significant Support for Women and High Monetary Benefits, Online, Available 03 April 2014.Fraser, N. (1994) After the Family Wage Political Theory, Volume 22, No. 4.Foghlam Alba. (2012) Womens Rights and Suffragettes Online Available 05 April 2014.George, V., and Wilding, P., (1985). Ideology and Social Welfare. Routledge, 2nd Edition.Herring, J., (2007). Family Law, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition.Kania, R. E, (1988). button-down Ideology in Criminology and Criminal Justice. American Journal of Criminal Justice. Volume 13, Number 1.Margolis, S. E. (1996) Path Dependence Online Available http//wwwpub.utdallas.edu/liebowit/palgrave/palpd.html 07 April 2014.Me er, S. (2013) Struggles for Gender Equality Reflections on the place of men and mens organisations, Open Debate, Online Available http//www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/sup_files/open_debate_2_-_reflections_on_the_place_of_men_and_mens_organisations_in_the_struggle_for_gender_equality.pdf 02 April 2014.Mill, J. S. and Okin, S. M. (1988) The Subjection of Women, Hackett Publishing Co.MNT. (2010) Gender Inequality Persists in France Despite Family-Focused Benefits Online Available http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/204545.php 03 April 2014.OECD. (2007) Babies and Bosses Reconciling Work and Family Life A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries.OECD. (2008) Gender and Sustainable Development Maximising the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women.Pascall, G. (2000) Gender and Social insurance canvas Welfare States in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Societ Union Journal of European Social insurance, Volume 10, Number 3.Peters, D. (2001) Breadwinners, Homemaker s and Beasts of Burden A Gender Perspective on Transport and Mobility Institute for urban center and Regional Planning, Sustainable Development International, 93-100.Radacic, I. (2008) Critical Review of Jurisprudence An Occasional Series Gender Equality Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, European Journal of International Law, Issue 4, EJIL 2008 19 (841).Rodgers, B. N. (2009) Family Policy in France Journal of Social Policy, Volume 4, Issue 2.Saggers, S. Dodd, J. and Wildy, H. (2009) Constructing the ideal family for family-centred practice challenges for delivery Disability and Society, Volume 24, Issue 2.Seeleib, M. K. (2007) Innovative ways of coping with old and new challenges Enterprises as actors of family policy, Family Policies in Britain and Germany, Online Available http//www.socialpolicy.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/10108/Family_Policy_in_Britain_and_Germany_Midpoint_Conference171107.pdf 02 April 2014.Skocpol, T. (1992) Protecting Soldiers and M others The Political Origins in Social Policy in the United States, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Stanford. (2004) Functionalism Online Available http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/ 07 April 2014.Sudha, D. K. (2000) Gender Roles, saucy Delhi APH Publishing.WILPF International. (2014) Racism and Gender Inequality in Germany Peace & Freedom, Online Available http//www.wilpfinternational.org/racism-and-gender-inequality-in-germany/ 02 April 2014.Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies.IntroductionSocial policy is the term that is used to describe the mixed principles, guidelines, legislative provisions and activities that impact human welfare. Social policy has thus been defined as an analysis of societies responses to social need (Lewis, 2013 1) and has been said to focus on certain aspects of the economy that are concerned with basic human needs. Nevertheless, different societies have develope d different ways to meet social policy needs. Whilst some rely primarily upon ideological beliefs within family institutions, others rely on the actions of individuals and governmental activities (Lewis, 2013 1). Ideology plays an important part in social policy as it is the belief that individuals should behave in a way that is consistent with the goals and expectations of the most dominant in society. There are many different views and opinions that exist in respect of ideology (Kania, 1988 1), yet it has been considered extremely discriminatory as it only serves the interests of one segment of a society more than all other segments (Curra, 2000 6). One particular group of people thusly benefit more than other groups, which is the case when it comes to gender equality and family policies. (Brown et al 2010 9). The nuclear family, which is the traditional family bodily structure that consists of two parents and children, is still being considered the ideal in many cultural, family and social settings. This is so despite the fact that contemporary families now comprise a diverse range of different family and so-called non family types (Saggers and Sims, 2009 173). Although ideals are necessary in helping people to identify right from wrong, too much reliance should not be placed on ideology as this will otherwise result in inequality. A authoritative amount of the gender bias that currently exists has stemmed from ideology (Bjornskov et al, 2007). This is extremely dangerous and demonstrates how important gender regimes (as policy logics) in welfare states are in integral to equality. For example, in domestic violence cases, women are treated unfavourably on the basis that it was previously deemed acceptable for a man to beat his married woman (Brown et al, 2010). This has produced many problems over the years and is still an on-going concern for many countries, which will be identified in this study (Cleiss, 2013). Thus, a comparative, cross-national accoun t of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies will be considered. This will be done by comparing social policy in Germany and France and demonstrating whether gender equality is attainable.Gender Equality and Family Policy in Germany and FranceThe 1970s new social feminist movement was the first time gender inequality was brought to the publics attention as domestic violence was previously considered part of the rough and tumble of marital life (Herring 2007 p. 262). This gender bias not only happened in the context of domestic violence but it was also becoming a natural part of everyday life. Males were considered to be breadwinners, whilst females were the homemakers. Because females were considered totally dependent on the male breadwinner, a lack of financial and support existed for women and there was a dire need for social policy changes to be implemented in order to reduce the gender inequality women were being subjected to (Curra, 2000). Feminists be lieved that this gender inequality was the result of ideology and that gender equality should become a vital part of social policy across all nation states (George and Wilding 1985 p. 122). womens liberation movement is prevalent within different jurisdictions and has been considered a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies and aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality (EKU, 2012 1). Feminists believe that individuals cannot achieve complete freedom so long as inequality continues to persist and that humanity is indeed unattainable. Regardless of this, the gender inequality that exists within family structures is still being recognised as a global publishing and is prevalent both in Germany and France. This is partly due to the cultural practices of these societies as cultural relativism is still being used to condone such inequality (Craven, 2005 3). In addition, as put by Fraser existing welfare states are premised on assumptions about gender that increasingly out of phase with many peoples lives and self-understandings (1994 591).It seems as though inadequate social protection is being provided to women in both countries, although Frances social policy regime does appear more favourable to women than Germanys. This is evidenced by the fact that Germany holds a well-set preference for the typical nuclear family ideal and continues to view males as breadwinners and females as homemakers. It is a common belief throughout Germany that women should not work and that they should instead be stay at home mums. This was identified by Peters when he pointed out that Mens stereotypical role in Germany is one of the income earning breadwinner, who leaves the house for work in the morning and comes back in the evening (2001 93). Because of the stereotypical role that is still being employed in Germany, women end up performing two roles. This is because contemporary women no longer stay at home to look after children and instead choose to become income earners. Furthermore, the pay gap between men and women in Germany continues to widen and has been criticised for being much wider than other EU states, including France. The European Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding presented the results from the Eurobarometer on Gender Equality in 2010 and concluded that Germanys figures were getting much worse In 2007, the gap was 23 percent in 2006, 22.7 percent (European Commission, 2012 1). In a study conducted by Davis and Robinson, however, it was evidenced that much of the gender bias stems from family policies and the ideals that have been created by society. Hence, it was demonstrated that well-educated males are less supportive of reducing gender inequality women with employed husbands are less supportive of efforts to reduce gender inequality than women without a male wage earner (1991 72). This prevents women from advancing within so ciety and demonstrates how men are capable of stifling the attainment of gender equality in Germany.In contrast to the male dominated ideologies that exist Germany, social policies in France do actually appear to be more akin to contemporary society. This has been illustrated by Rodgers who noted that France has a more conscious, clearly defined concept of family policy, which finds expression in statutory and voluntary institutions whose primary or even sole purpose is to promote the welfare of the family (2009 113). Both parents of the nuclear family are also authorize to various statutory benefits as of right, which signifies how gender equality is better attained in France than it is in Germany (Rogers, 2009 113). France has a significant amount of support for women and has had an extensive policy in favour of families for a very long time. A wide range of childcare services are provided in France as well as an allowance system that is deemed extremely generous (European Union, 2014 1). Such support is intended to encourage and help oneself parents in finding a work life balance and is clearly working given that France has higher fertility and employments rates of women with children compared to the rest of the EUs member states (European Commission, 2014 1). It has been said that the high fertility rates in France largely result from the consistent family policy in France as well as the good employment prospects provided to women (Del Boca, 2008 2). One of the key characteristics of Frances family policy is the monetary benefits, also known as family allowance. The monetary benefits that are provided to families under this system include child benefit, flat-rate allowance, family income supplement, family support allowance, birth/adoption grant, basic allowance, supplement for free choice of working time and free choice of childcare, education allowance, back-to-school allowance, daily parental attendance allowance, family house allowance and moving al lowance (Cleiss, 2013 1).In view of the support women are provided with in France, it seems as though Germanys social policies on gender equality should be strengthened. This is especially so in the labour market where this appears to be amongst the worst of all EU member states. Therefore, not only do women in Germany receive significantly lower pay packets to men but they also receive a lack of support from the government (Curra, 2000). There a widespread misconception in Germany that if family friendly policies are implemented to assist working women, this will lead to them having fewer children, which will decrease the population overall (Giddins and Griffiths, 2006). However, it has been evidenced that countries with policies that facilitate female employment are those with the highest fertility rates (OECD, 2008 15). This resultantly increases the future supply of workers, which inevitably leads to sustained growth (OECD, 2007 7). Furthermore, the practices being employed in F rance appear to discredit the view that the population will be rock-bottom if further support is provided to women, as this has not happened here and the fertility rates in Germany are low as a result of the lack of support for working mothers. This is due to the fact that women in Germany are more likely to postpone childbearing in order to enter the workforce, which stifles economic growth in the long term (Hering, 2007). Women are thus said to be facing difficulties to reconcile family, domestic work load and paid work (WILPF International, 2013 1). It has been said that the German government is working on this issue at present and has made great attempts to reinforce child daily care (Fraser, 1994), yet it is arguable whether this is proving effective given the cultural relativism that Germany is submersed with. The generosity of France is illustrative of the support that is given to contemporary families and demonstrates how Frances social family policies are workable in atta ining gender equality. Not all agree with this, however, and it has instead been argued that although French women receive paid, four-month maternity leaves tax breaks for having more children and other family-friendly government subsidies, their country lags behind many other nations in gender equality (MNT, 2010 1). This, it has been said, is largely because of outmoded attitudes about the role of women in society (Girling, 2002 126). Women continue to earn less than men they are still being viewed as homemakers and also hold few positions of power European Commission, 2013 10). This is also the case for those women that remain childless (Milj and Okin, 1988), which suggests that although France provides better support to women, gender inequality still persists. Accordingly, women continue to be treated differently to men regardless of what policies are put into practice. It is questionable whether gender equality can ever be fully attained given the attempts that have been made t o do so over the years. EU law has made significant attempts to ensure men and women receive equal pay for equal work, though it has been difficult for this to be accomplished. Article 141 of the treaty of Amsterdam (which amended Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome), obliges member states to ensure that men and women always receive equal pay for equal work, yet it is often difficult to demonstrate that this is not being achieved. This is because the burden of proof is on the applicant to show that, on the balance of probabilities, their comparator is doing work of equal value to theirs or like work, which is considerably difficult (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2010, p. 1). It is therefore clear from these findings that whilst France does provide greater support to women than Germany does, gender inequalities still exist. Frances social policies thereby need to be rectified so that better equality is being attained. The first step would be to exclude the gender pay gap, yet it remains to be seen whether this would achieve complete equality as the traditional family model will remain prevalent.Functionalism and path dependency to gender equality and family policiesFunctionalists are of the view that an individuals mental state is determined by the role in which they have been provided with in society. Functionalists therefore view gender inequality as being a product of traditional societal ideologies (Saggers et al, 2009). This is reflected by the inequality that currently exists within Germany and France. Hence, the traditional nuclear family is still being given due devotion despite the fact that modern family structures are widely diverse. Because individuals have always been taught what the traditional roles of men and women are, individuals tend to conform to such requirements. This is still happening today, whether consciously or not, and is one of the main reasons why gender equality is difficult to attain. Consequently, whilst women are provi ded with better support in France than they are in Germany, many of the profound inequalities women are subjected to remain. This is because societal attitudes towards men and women have remained the same, regardless as to what social policies have been implemented, as is also the case in Germany. Hence, it is apparent that whilst gender roles in both societies have changed substantially, traditional arrangement remains in force (Giddens and Griffiths, 2006 467). Social policy in France has advanced significantly over the years and is very supportive of women, yet gender inequality is still prevalent because of the traditional arrangement that remains in force. This is also the case in Germany despite the fact that less support is provided to women as some attempts to polish the pay gap have been made, yet it seems impossible for gender equality to be obtained.Path dependency theoretically explains how past decisions influence future ones, regardless as to whether the circumstance s are still relevant. It is therefore clear from this theory that history is an important part of the future and shapes the way individuals behave. This theory is reflective of the gender equality and family policy approach that is being adopted in Germany and France. This is because historical viewpoints are being maintained regardless of the fact that the nuclear family is no longer considered the norm in contemporary society. As identified by Skocpol the development trends of social modernization may face legacies of path dependent cultural and institutional organisation (1992 8). This affects the advancement of gender equality and restricts the ability to improve the lives of women. Because the emergence of social policy is determined by past influences, the typical family ideal is likely to remain instilled in society. This prevents the modernisation of social policy, which explains why the traditional family model continues to subsist within social and family policy. Furthermo re, as noted by Alexander and Welzel path dependent processes with respect to womens suffrage policy may affect the potential to increase gender equality in particular societies (2014 9). This is why women continue to be paid lower than men in Germany and France regardless of the current changes that are being made to achieve equality. This occurs because of the historical gender inequality practices that were being employed because as was pointed out because of the path dependence of the unfolding human life, gender inequality in the early eighties might equally affect todays opportunities, choices and aspiration levels (Bjornskov et al 2007 2). ult discrimination thereby affects the way women are viewed in society today and will continue to have an impact in the future.Gender equality is still one of the main fundamental principles the EU continually strives for (Article 14 of the European Unions Convention on Human Rights), yet despite the various policies that have been adopted women are still being treated unfavourably to men. This was recognised by Radacic who argued that as yet these pronouncements, inequality of women in the member states of the Council of Europe persists (Radacic, 2008 841). The EU has therefore been largely impotent in challenge gender discrimination and achieving gender equality and although women and men are becoming more equal over the years, a principle of perfect equality (Mill and Okin, 1988 1) is still not being established in countries such as Germany and France. Adequate family and childcare policies that allow for gender equality therefore need to be implemented, which could be achieved by employing strategies that encourage female labour market participation, remove the gender bias ideologies, provide adequate childcare, promote childrens education and well being and allow for flexible labour. It is unlikely that much of the gender bias that is currently in place will be removed, though there will certainly be some impr ovements. Germany should be more supportive of women and France should make further attempts to close the pay gap.ConclusionOverall, traditional ideological practices continue to be adopted in Germany and France when it comes to gender equality and family policy. Because of this, women continue to be treated differently to men. It is questionable whether this can ever be rectified given that gender inequality is viewed as a product of traditional societal ideologies. In Germany, women are given less support than they are in France whose social policies appear to be more akin to contemporary society. In spite of this, however, gender inequality is still prevalent throughout France. This is evidenced by the large gender pay gap and the fact that traditional ideologies are still prevalent across all social policy methods. This illustrates that regardless of what social policies welfare states implement, gender inequality will still persist. Improvements to social policy would still ben efit the economy, nonetheless, and would develop gender equality further. In Germany, there is a pressing need for greater support to be provided to women as well as reducing the gender pay gap, whereas in France the main focus is on the latter. It is doubtful that complete equality would be achieved in light of the fact that the traditional family model remains intact, yet vast improvements could certainly be made. This is supported by the views of functionalists who believe that the traditional arrangement of gender roles remain intact despite the fact that these roles have significantly changed in modern societies. Furthermore, because past decisions influence future decisions, as recognised by the path dependency model, the nuclear family structure will always have a place in contemporary society.References Alexander, A. C. and Welzel, C. 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